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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bornsche Näherung</span></h1>
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<p>Die nach <a href="Max_Born" title="Max Born">Max Born</a> benannten Methode <b>Bornsche Näherung</b> ist die einfachste <a href="St%C3%B6rungstheorie" title="Störungstheorie">störungstheoretische</a>-Näherung zur Berechnung von <a href="Streuung_(Physik)" title="Streuung (Physik)">Streuproblemen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anschauliches_Beispiel">Anschauliches Beispiel</h2></div>
<p>Anschaulich kann man sich die Bornsche Näherung am Beispiel der Streuung von <a href="Radar" title="Radar">Radarwellen</a> an einem Plastikstab vorstellen. Man nimmt dazu an, dass die durch das äußere <a href="Feld_(Physik)" title="Feld (Physik)">Feld</a> <a href="Polarisation" title="Polarisation">polarisierten</a> <a href="Atom" title="Atom">Atome</a> im Plastikstab (die als kleine Sender zum Gesamtfeld beitragen) im Takt des äußeren Treiberfeldes der einfallenden Radarwellen schwingen.
</p><p>Dass die Atome dabei selbst elektromagnetische Wellen-Felder erzeugen, die wiederum die anderen Atome beeinflussen (Mehrfachstreuung), wird in dieser Näherung vernachlässigt. Dementsprechend gilt die Bornsche Näherung als gute Näherung, wenn das Streupotential klein ist im Vergleich zur Energie des einfallenden Wellenfeldes und damit das an einem einzigen Atom gestreute Feld klein im Vergleich zum einfallenden Feld.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anwendungen_und_Weiterentwicklungen">Anwendungen und Weiterentwicklungen</h2></div>
<p>Die Methoden findet vielseitige Anwendungen und Erweiterungen bzw. Anpassungen in einzelnen Fachgebieten an dortige Probleme, z. B. auch in der Theorie der Streuung <a href="Elektromagnetische_Wellen" class="mw-redirect" title="Elektromagnetische Wellen">elektromagnetischer Wellen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Born-Näherung_der_Lippmann-Schwinger-Gleichung"><span id="Born-N.C3.A4herung_der_Lippmann-Schwinger-Gleichung"></span>Born-Näherung der Lippmann-Schwinger-Gleichung</h3></div>
<p>Die <a href="Lippmann-Schwinger-Gleichung" title="Lippmann-Schwinger-Gleichung">Lippmann-Schwinger-Gleichung</a> für den Streuungs-<a href="Zustand_(Quantenmechanik)" title="Zustand (Quantenmechanik)">Zustand</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \vert {\Psi _{\mathbf {p} }^{(\pm )}}\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \vert {\Psi _{\mathbf {p} }^{(\pm )}}\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5a5b6db981ad6769e95606e6a6ce77063778fa91.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:6.15ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \vert {\Psi _{\mathbf {p} }^{(\pm )}}\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span> mit <a href="Impuls" title="Impuls">Impuls</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {p} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">p</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {p} }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dd73e3862cb92b016721b8c492eadb4e8a577527.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.485ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {p} }" loading="lazy"></span> und aus- oder einlaufender Richtung (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \pm }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>±<!-- ± --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \pm }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/869e366caf596564de4de06cb0ba124056d4064b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \pm }" loading="lazy"></span>) lautet:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \vert {\Psi _{\mathbf {p} }^{(\pm )}}\rangle =\vert {\Psi _{\mathbf {p} }^{0}}\rangle +G^{0}(E_{p}\pm i\varepsilon )V\vert {\Psi _{\mathbf {p} }^{(\pm )}}\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">|</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msubsup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ<!-- Ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">p</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>±<!-- ± --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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</msubsup>
</mrow>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">|</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msubsup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ<!-- Ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">p</mi>
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</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
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</msubsup>
</mrow>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
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</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>p</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>±<!-- ± --></mo>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">|</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msubsup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ<!-- Ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">p</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>±<!-- ± --></mo>
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<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \vert {\Psi _{\mathbf {p} }^{(\pm )}}\rangle =\vert {\Psi _{\mathbf {p} }^{0}}\rangle +G^{0}(E_{p}\pm i\varepsilon )V\vert {\Psi _{\mathbf {p} }^{(\pm )}}\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/97aeb78ce5ac6c7ee4f8bfbfb529db033572e38d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:36.859ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \vert {\Psi _{\mathbf {p} }^{(\pm )}}\rangle =\vert {\Psi _{\mathbf {p} }^{0}}\rangle +G^{0}(E_{p}\pm i\varepsilon )V\vert {\Psi _{\mathbf {p} }^{(\pm )}}\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit
</p>
<ul><li>der <a href="Greensche_Funktion" title="Greensche Funktion">greenschen Funktion</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G^{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G^{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7c332d09499538333927fb909f9e38cfc991ada3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.881ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G^{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> des <a href="Freies_Teilchen" title="Freies Teilchen">freien Teilchens</a></li>
<li>einem kleinen positiven Parameter <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a30c89172e5b88edbd45d3e2772c7f5e562e5173.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.083ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon }" loading="lazy"></span></li>
<li>dem Wechselwirkungspotential <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span></li>
<li>dem einfallenden Feld <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \vert {\Psi _{\mathbf {p} }^{0}}\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">|</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msubsup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ<!-- Ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">p</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
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</msubsup>
</mrow>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \vert {\Psi _{\mathbf {p} }^{0}}\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/499bd07decefcd77d2b243c1b994742c336f9cea.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.642ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \vert {\Psi _{\mathbf {p} }^{0}}\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span>; man kann es als Lösung des Streuproblems ohne Streuer deuten.</li>
<li>dem Term <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \vert {\Psi _{\mathbf {p} }^{(\pm )}}\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">|</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msubsup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ<!-- Ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">p</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>±<!-- ± --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mrow>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \vert {\Psi _{\mathbf {p} }^{(\pm )}}\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5a5b6db981ad6769e95606e6a6ce77063778fa91.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:6.15ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \vert {\Psi _{\mathbf {p} }^{(\pm )}}\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span> auf der rechten Seite der Gleichung als Treiber.</li></ul>
<p>Diese Gleichung kann im Sinne der Bornschen Näherung vereinfacht werden zu
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \vert {\Psi _{\mathbf {p} }^{(\pm )}}\rangle =\vert {\Psi _{\mathbf {p} }^{0}}\rangle +G^{0}(E_{p}\pm i\varepsilon )V\vert {\Psi _{\mathbf {p} }^{0}}\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">|</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msubsup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ<!-- Ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">p</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>±<!-- ± --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mrow>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">|</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msubsup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ<!-- Ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">p</mi>
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</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mrow>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>p</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>±<!-- ± --></mo>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">|</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msubsup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ<!-- Ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi mathvariant="bold">p</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
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<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \vert {\Psi _{\mathbf {p} }^{(\pm )}}\rangle =\vert {\Psi _{\mathbf {p} }^{0}}\rangle +G^{0}(E_{p}\pm i\varepsilon )V\vert {\Psi _{\mathbf {p} }^{0}}\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/32f61d9d5c82d9c409f99d3e29af8f57abf4bf24.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:35.351ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \vert {\Psi _{\mathbf {p} }^{(\pm )}}\rangle =\vert {\Psi _{\mathbf {p} }^{0}}\rangle +G^{0}(E_{p}\pm i\varepsilon )V\vert {\Psi _{\mathbf {p} }^{0}}\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>sodass die rechte Seite nicht mehr vom unbekannten Zustand <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \vert {\Psi _{\mathbf {p} }^{(\pm )}}\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ<!-- Ψ --></mi>
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<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \vert {\Psi _{\mathbf {p} }^{(\pm )}}\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5a5b6db981ad6769e95606e6a6ce77063778fa91.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:6.15ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \vert {\Psi _{\mathbf {p} }^{(\pm )}}\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span> abhängt.
</p><p>Für die explizite Form in <a href="Ortsdarstellung" class="mw-redirect" title="Ortsdarstellung">Ortsdarstellung</a> siehe <a href="Lippmann-Schwinger-Gleichung" title="Lippmann-Schwinger-Gleichung">Lippmann-Schwinger-Gleichung</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distorted_Wave_(Born)_Approximation_(DWBA_bzw._DWA)"><span id="Distorted_Wave_.28Born.29_Approximation_.28DWBA_bzw._DWA.29"></span>Distorted Wave (Born) Approximation (DWBA bzw. DWA)</h3></div>
<p>Manchmal wird ein Teil A des Streuprozesses getrennt auf analytischem oder numerischem Weg berechnet, und die Streuung an einem Rest-Potential (Teil B), das als Störung in Bornnäherung behandelt wird, hinzuaddiert. In diesem Fall werden die „gestörten“ (distorted) Wellen – im Gegensatz zu den in der üblichen Anwendung der Bornnäherung verwendeten ebenen oder Kugelwellen – aus Teil A als Ausgangs<a href="Wellenfunktion" title="Wellenfunktion">wellenfunktionen</a> für die Störungsentwicklung von Teil B genommen. Man spricht von <i>Distorted Wave (Born) Approximation</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/adfdbc929f16cb00bb43289c223651b41f7b9f80.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.409ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> das Potential von Teil A , <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ceaa689a894f5020a7b46177d201cbce2d41122b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.409ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> das Potential von Teil B und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \vert {\Psi _{\mathbf {p} }^{1}}^{(\pm )}\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">|</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msubsup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ<!-- Ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">p</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>±<!-- ± --></mo>
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</msup>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \vert {\Psi _{\mathbf {p} }^{1}}^{(\pm )}\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a2dd6929ee12b41844ab5dd59a450c422d74aa73.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:7.432ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \vert {\Psi _{\mathbf {p} }^{1}}^{(\pm )}\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span> die Lösung des Streuproblems aus Teil A (mit der auch die Greensfunktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G^{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
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</msup>
</mstyle>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G^{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d9a781acdc595d4a41f40377b194350c27ef8529.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.881ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G^{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> berechnet wird), so ergibt sich die DWBA-Lösung aus:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \vert {\Psi _{\mathbf {p} }^{(\pm )}}\rangle =\vert {\Psi _{\mathbf {p} }^{1}}^{(\pm )}\rangle +G^{1}(E_{p}\pm i\varepsilon )V_{2}\vert {\Psi _{\mathbf {p} }^{1}}^{(\pm )}\rangle .}">
<semantics>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \vert {\Psi _{\mathbf {p} }^{(\pm )}}\rangle =\vert {\Psi _{\mathbf {p} }^{1}}^{(\pm )}\rangle +G^{1}(E_{p}\pm i\varepsilon )V_{2}\vert {\Psi _{\mathbf {p} }^{1}}^{(\pm )}\rangle .}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/07dac7ede843e2e4893edff8d7b22049a65c625f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:42.201ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \vert {\Psi _{\mathbf {p} }^{(\pm )}}\rangle =\vert {\Psi _{\mathbf {p} }^{1}}^{(\pm )}\rangle +G^{1}(E_{p}\pm i\varepsilon )V_{2}\vert {\Psi _{\mathbf {p} }^{1}}^{(\pm )}\rangle .}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Beispielsweise können bei einigen Problemen der Streuung von geladenen Teilchen an anderen geladenen Teilchen (wie bei <a href="Bremsstrahlung" title="Bremsstrahlung">Bremsstrahlung</a> oder dem <a href="Photoelektrischer_Effekt" title="Photoelektrischer Effekt">photoelektrischen Effekt</a>) als Ansatz für Teil A analytische Lösungen für <a href="Coulomb-Streuung" class="mw-redirect" title="Coulomb-Streuung">Coulomb-Streuung</a> (Streuung in einem <a href="Coulombpotential" class="mw-redirect" title="Coulombpotential">Coulombpotential</a>) gewählt werden, die dann als einfallende Welle in die Bornnäherung von Teil B einfließen. Bei einigen <a href="Kernreaktion" title="Kernreaktion">Kernreaktionen</a> wird z. B. häufig die numerisch berechnete Streuung in einem <a href="Optisches_Potential" class="mw-redirect" title="Optisches Potential">optischen Potential</a> für den Teil A gewählt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<div class="sieheauch" role="navigation" style="font-style:italic;"><span class="sieheauch-text">Siehe auch</span>: <a href="St%C3%B6rungstheorie" title="Störungstheorie">Störungstheorie</a> und <a href="Quantenmechanik" title="Quantenmechanik">Quantenmechanik</a></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Born: <cite style="font-style:italic">Zur Quantenmechanik der Stoßvorgänge</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Zeitschrift für Physik</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>37</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>12</span>, Dezember 1926, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%221434-6001%22&key=cql">1434-6001</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>863–867</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01397477">10.1007/BF01397477</a></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01397477">springer.com</a> [abgerufen am 2. April 2023]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Bornsche+N%C3%A4herung&rft.atitle=Zur+Quantenmechanik+der+Sto%C3%9Fvorg%C3%A4nge&rft.au=Max+Born&rft.date=1926-12&rft.doi=10.1007%2FBF01397477&rft.genre=journal&rft.issn=1434-6001&rft.issue=12&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Physik&rft.pages=863-867&rft.volume=37" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="P%C3%A1l_Gomb%C3%A1s" title="Pál Gombás">P. Gombás</a>, D. Kisdi: <cite style="font-style:italic">Die einfachsten Näherungsverfahren und ihre Anwendungen</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Einführung in die Quantenmechanik und ihre Anwendungen</cite>. Springer Vienna, Vienna 1970, ISBN 978-3-7091-7976-5, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>201–247</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-7975-8_7">10.1007/978-3-7091-7975-8_7</a></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7091-7975-8_7">springer.com</a> [abgerufen am 2. April 2023]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Bornsche+N%C3%A4herung&rft.atitle=Die+einfachsten+N%C3%A4herungsverfahren+und+ihre+Anwendungen&rft.au=P.+Gomb%C3%A1s%2C+D.+Kisdi&rft.btitle=Einf%C3%BChrung+in+die+Quantenmechanik+und+ihre+Anwendungen&rft.date=1970&rft.doi=10.1007%2F978-3-7091-7975-8_7&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9783709179765&rft.pages=201-247&rft.place=Vienna&rft.pub=Springer+Vienna" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Max_Born" title="Max Born">Max Born</a>, Emil Wolf: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Principles of Optics: 60th Anniversary Edition</cite>. 7. Auflage. Cambridge University Press, 2019, ISBN 978-1-108-76991-4, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108769914">10.1017/9781108769914</a></span> (englisch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781108769914/type/book">cambridge.org</a> [abgerufen am 2. April 2023]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Bornsche+N%C3%A4herung&rft.au=Max+Born%2C+Emil+Wolf&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Optics%3A+60th+Anniversary+Edition&rft.date=2019-12-19&rft.doi=10.1017%2F9781108769914&rft.edition=7&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9781108769914&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip G. Burke: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Potential Scattering</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">R-Matrix Theory of Atomic Collisions</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>61</span>. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg 2011, ISBN 978-3-642-15930-5, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3–55</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15931-2_1">10.1007/978-3-642-15931-2_1</a></span> (englisch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-15931-2_1">springer.com</a> [abgerufen am 2. April 2023]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Bornsche+N%C3%A4herung&rft.atitle=Potential+Scattering&rft.au=Philip+G.+Burke&rft.btitle=R-Matrix+Theory+of+Atomic+Collisions&rft.date=2011&rft.doi=10.1007%2F978-3-642-15931-2_1&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9783642159305&rft.pages=3-55&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Heidelberg&rft.pub=Springer+Berlin+Heidelberg&rft.volume=61" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
</ol>
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